The paper provides an overview of recent advances in facial reanimation, including preoperative assessment, surgical reconstruction options, and postoperative management. Postoperative results can be improved with ancillary soft tissue procedures, as well as botulinum toxin.
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Microvascular free tissue transfer is a reliable technique with reanimation potential whose results continue to improve as microsurgical expertise increases. In long-standing facial paralysis, temporalis muscle transfer gives a dependable and quick result. The best functional results are obtained with direct facial nerve anastomosis and interpositional nerve grafts. The options for dynamic reanimation of the paralyzed face must be examined in the context of several patient factors, including age, overall health, and patient desires. This review delineates common surgical techniques and reviews state-of-the-art techniques. Along with the myriad of new surgical techniques in managing facial paralysis comes the challenge of selecting the most effective procedure for the patient. The predominance of craniofacial injuries, as well as the presence of perimortem cranial trauma and healed sharp force lesions suggest that members of this community were subjected to high levels of intentional violence.Facial paralysis often has a significant emotional impact on patients. Perimortem injuries were observed in four males and two females, while antemortem (healed) sharp force trauma was found in three males. Some 14 out of 19 complete adult crania (73.7 %), and one out of three complete subadult crania (33.3%) exhibited trauma. In 19 out of 26 individuals (73.1%) 58 injuries and four possible injuries were identified. Many antemortem and perimortem injuries were recorded on the analysed material. Most of the pathological conditions (indicators of subadult stress, evidence of hard physical labour, and dental pathologies) suggest poor living conditions and a low standard of health. Anthropological analysis was carried out on 26 skeletons (19 males, 3 females and 4 subadults). It was thought that the monastery and its church were abandoned after the Ottoman conquest in the mid-16th century, but some of the excavated graves within the church date from the second half of the 16th through to the mid-17th century, indicating continued burial at the site. During the 14th and 15th centuries the monastery was one of the most important Benedictine centres in Medieval Slavonia, but at the turn of the 15th century it was used as a fortification. Thus far, part of the single - naved monastery church has been excavated, revealing numerous architectural elements, some small finds, and graves. A systematic archaeological campaign started in 2012 and, by 2017, six excavation campaigns have been conducted. Margaret are situated in Bijela, near Daruvar, in northeastern Croatia.
The ruins of the Benedictine monastery of St. A serious concern was whether the head of the mummy was really that of Vicar Rungius as a headless vicar would undoubtedly have prompted a substitution with another mummified head in order to maintain a powerful incentive to the parishioners’ faith. It is unclear when it happened or how but a suspicion arose that once the neck was damaged the head could have fallen to the ground and shattered. On top of that the computed tomography scanning conducted in 2011 revealed that the head was not normally attached.
The mummy has maintained a human form but has lost its right forearm. His dead body became a powerful means to encourage and strengthen people’s faith. The parish began exhibiting his preserved body in the 18th century after which Vicar Rungius – a locally revered man of cloth in life – gained wide posthumous fame. He died in 1629 and was put to rest under the old Keminmaa Church in Finnish Lapland.
One good example of such preservation are the remains of an early 17th-century vicar of Kemi parish, Nikolaus Rungius. The cool, ventilated milieus beneath the floors of old Finnish churches are responsible for the natural mummification in church graves.
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